Colorectal Cancer

How Colorectal Cancer Is Diagnosed

Colorectal cancer is diagnosed through a series of assessments designed to detect cancer cells, identify their location, and determine the stage of the disease. Because symptoms may resemble other digestive conditions, doctors perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis and plan the most effective treatment. Diagnosis usually begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination, followed by targeted tests to evaluate the colon and rectum.

Staging investigations such as CT, MRI, or PET scans help determine whether the cancer is localised or has spread to nearby tissues or distant organs.

Common diagnostic methods include:

• Colonoscopy – The gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer. It allows direct visualisation of the colon and rectum and enables removal or biopsy of abnormal tissue.
• Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) or Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) – Detects hidden blood in stool samples, which may signal early colorectal cancer.
• CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy) – A less invasive imaging test that produces detailed 3D images of the large intestine.
• Biopsy and Histopathology – Examines tissue samples under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
• Imaging Tests (CT, MRI, PET scans) – Used to check if cancer has spread to other organs.
• Blood Tests (CEA levels) – Measure tumour markers to monitor treatment progress and recurrence.

Treatment Options for Colorectal Cancer

Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage, tumour location, and the patient’s overall health. The goal is to remove the cancer, restore normal bowel function, and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Treatment options may include:

• Surgery – The main treatment for most colorectal cancers, removing the affected portion of the colon or rectum.
• Polypectomy or Local Excision – For early-stage cancers or precancerous growths discovered during colonoscopy.
• Chemotherapy – Targets remaining cancer cells or shrinks tumours before surgery.
• Radiotherapy – Commonly used for rectal cancer to reduce the chance of recurrence.
• Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy – Advanced treatment approaches based on genetic and molecular testing for selected patients.

Preparing for Your Appointment

Before visiting your specialist, it’s helpful to:

• Record your symptoms and note when they began.
• Gather family medical history, especially regarding colorectal cancer.
• List all medications, supplements, or herbal products you’re taking.
• Bring previous test or imaging results, if available.
• Prepare any questions about your condition, treatment options, or recovery expectations.

Post-Treatment Recovery & Rehabilitation

Recovery varies depending on the stage and type of surgery performed:

• Most patients resume normal activities within 4–6 weeks.
• Dietary changes and wound care may be required.
• Physiotherapy and stoma care support are available when needed.
• Regular follow-ups and imaging help ensure long-term monitoring.

Why Early Diagnosis & Treatment Matter

Early diagnosis and timely treatment are key to improving outcomes for colorectal cancer. Detecting the disease before it advances allows doctors to treat it more effectively and with fewer complications. In many cases, precancerous growths or early-stage cancers can be removed before they become serious, reducing the need for major surgery or long-term therapy.

Early treatment also helps prevent cancer from spreading to other parts of the body, supports a smoother recovery, and increases the chances of maintaining normal bowel function and overall wellbeing.

Because symptoms can be mild or even absent in the early stages, regular screening and prompt medical attention for any changes in bowel habits, bleeding, or unexplained abdominal discomfort are important.

When to Seek Specialist Advice.

If you are experiencing persistent changes in your bowel habits, unexplained abdominal discomfort, rectal bleeding, or have concerns about colorectal cancer, it is important to seek professional assessment early.

At Subang Jaya Medical Centre (SJMC), our team of colorectal surgeons, gastroenterologists, and oncologists work closely to provide accurate diagnosis, personalised treatment, and comprehensive follow-up care. Call or book your appointment to discuss your symptoms, schedule a screening, or receive expert advice for peace of mind.

Comprehensive Cancer Care at SJMC

In addition to colorectal cancer, SJMC provides diagnosis and treatment for a wide range of cancers, including breast cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer and more.

Visit sjmccancerradiosurgerycentre.com to learn more about our Cancer & Radiosurgery Centre, offering advanced treatment technologies and multidisciplinary care for cancer patients