Multiple Myeloma

What is Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that develops in plasma cells, a form of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These plasma cells are essential for producing antibodies that help the body fight infection.

In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, crowding out healthy blood cells and disrupting normal immune function. This can lead to a range of health issues, including problems with bones, kidneys, and blood cell production.

Causes of Multiple Myeloma

The exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unclear. The condition begins when a single plasma cell in the bone marrow undergoes a genetic change, transforming into a cancerous myeloma cell. This cell then multiplies rapidly, producing more abnormal cells that accumulate in the bone marrow.

Unlike healthy cells, these myeloma cells do not die at the usual rate and continue to grow, crowding out normal blood cells. The abnormal plasma cells produce large amounts of a protein known as monoclonal protein (M protein), which the body cannot use. The build-up of M protein can damage organs such as the kidneys and contribute to other complications.

Multiple myeloma often develops from a precursor condition called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). In MGUS, there is a low level of M protein in the blood, but it does not cause symptoms or organ damage. However, MGUS can progress to multiple myeloma over time.

Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Early stages of multiple myeloma may not cause noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience:

Bone pain, particularly in the spine, chest, or hips
Tiredness or weakness
Frequent or persistent infections
Nausea or constipation
Loss of appetite or weight loss
Mental confusion or difficulty concentrating
Increased thirst and frequent urination

These symptoms arise due to the impact of myeloma cells on bone structure, kidney function, and blood cell production.

For example, bone pain is common because myeloma cells can weaken bones, increasing the risk of fractures. Anaemia may develop as healthy red blood cells are crowded out, leading to persistent fatigue.

Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma

Several factors can increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma:

Age: Most diagnoses occur in people over 60.
Gender: Men are more likely to be affected than women.
Ethnicity: Individuals of African descent have a higher risk.
Family history: Having a close relative with multiple myeloma increases risk.
MGUS: Those with MGUS are at greater risk of progression to multiple myeloma.

Complications of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma can lead to several complications, including:

Low blood counts cause anaemia, bruising, or infections
Weakened bones, such as pain or fractures
Kidney problems caused by high levels of M protein
High calcium levels in the blood can cause thirst, nausea, or confusion

With proper management, many of these complications can be prevented or treated effectively.

When to Seek Medical Advice

If you experience persistent bone pain, unexplained tiredness, frequent infections, or any of the symptoms listed above, it is important to consult a healthcare professional. Early assessment and diagnosis can help manage complications and improve outcomes.

At Subang Jaya Medical Centre, our multidisciplinary team is experienced in evaluating and supporting patients with blood cancers, including multiple myeloma.

A Message of Hope

While multiple myeloma can sound intimidating, many people today live full, active lives thanks to early detection and modern treatments. The journey may feel challenging at first, but you are not alone.

At SJMC, we are committed to walking with you — providing expert care, understanding, and the reassurance that healing is not only possible, but achievable with the right support.

FAQs About Multiple Myeloma Causes and Symptoms

Yes, symptoms can develop gradually or appear suddenly, especially bone pain or fatigue.

Early warning signs may include mild bone discomfort, unexplained tiredness, or frequent mild infections.

No, many people do not experience symptoms in the early stages.

The exact trigger is unknown, but genetic changes in plasma cells are involved.

Symptoms like persistent bone pain, especially in the back or ribs, and repeated infections are more suggestive of multiple myeloma compared to general bone or blood disorders. The presence of high calcium levels, unexplained anaemia, or kidney issues alongside these symptoms may point specifically to multiple myeloma rather than other conditions.

While the main cause is genetic changes in plasma cells, there is no strong evidence that lifestyle or environmental factors directly cause multiple myeloma. Most people diagnosed have no identifiable exposure or behaviour that led to the disease.

In the early stages, the abnormal plasma cells may not be numerous enough to disrupt normal body functions. As the disease progresses and these cells accumulate, symptoms like bone pain, fatigue, or infections become more noticeable.

Sudden severe bone pain, confusion due to high calcium, or signs of kidney failure (such as reduced urination or swelling) should prompt immediate medical evaluation, as these may indicate complications of multiple myeloma.